Release notes

2024.04

Launch new Instance Factory instances using the latest Amazon Linux 2023 AMI
Bug fix: When changing a role managed by substrate role create, actually swap Administrator and ReadOnly policy attachments rather than just attaching the new one
Bug fix: Keep the hd cookie (for Google IdP installations) even when the a and id cookies are expired
Bug fix: Always attach Service Control Policies using credentials for the management account
Bug fix: Ask for credentials, if necessary, in substrate setup cloudtrail
Bug fix: Gracefully deal with substrate.valid-environment-quality-pairs.json not existing
Bug fix: Render the current, rather than the cached, Substrate version number in substrate.accounts.txt

Upgrade instructions:

substrate upgrade to upgrade your local copy of the Substrate binary.
substrate setup to upgrade AWS Organizations and IAM, your networks, and your Intranet.
Have everyone on your team run substrate upgrade, too.

2024.03

Note well: Upgrading to Substrate 2024.03 is only supported from Substrate 2024.02.

Allow the Terraform AWS provider to be upgraded past version 5. Edit terraform-aws.version-constraint to have your desired version constraint applied to all your Terraform root modules.
Remove the transitional fine-grained Terraform state management present in Substrate 2024.01 and 2024.02 that migrated the Intranet, VPC peering, and VPC sharing from generated Terraform into Substrate itself. This completes the transition.
Add --terraform to substrate setup and substrate account update. Only actually run Terraform when this new option is given. This completes the decoupling of Substrate management actions (whether part of a Substrate upgrade or not) and Terraform runs.
Proceed without formatting generated Terraform code if terraform isn't found when trying to terraform fmt.
Print AWS credentials found in the macOS keychain as environment variables in substrate credentials so that the command's output has the same format no matter where credentials are found.
Update the NAT Gateway price estimate in substrate setup to $108 per environment per region per month, in line with the latest EC2 pricing documentation.
Bug fix: Don't open the macOS keychain when doing things like --version that we know don't require an AWS access key.
Bug fix: Include all custom routes that respond to GET in the Intranet's index except well-known routes that aren't useful when accessed directly e.g. /favicon.ico.
Bug fix: In some situations the --quality option was required with --substrate. Now it is not.

Upgrade instructions:

substrate upgrade to upgrade your local copy of the Substrate binary.
substrate setup to upgrade AWS Organizations and IAM, your networks, and your Intranet.
Have everyone on your team run substrate upgrade, too.

2024.02

Note about the future: You will not be able to upgrade to Substrate 2024.03 without upgrading to Substrate 2024.02 first.

Natively manage all the VPCs that are peered and shared into your service accounts. Substrate no longer needs to execute any Terraform code in order to get everything setup.
Remove formerly Substrate-generated Terraform resources from both the root-modules/network/ tree and the various state files stored in S3. This allows these modules to remain in place to host customer resources.
Add --terraform to substrate setup, which causes Substrate to run terraform init and terraform plan or terraform apply from all the leaf directories in the root-modules/deploy/ and root-modules/network/ trees. If you've never added custom resources there, you'll never need to supply this flag.
Partially revert a change from 2024.01 that turned out to be too slow for the benefit it provided: Don't terraform providers lock by default. Instead, the new --providers-lock flag to substrate setup and substrate account update selectively enables this feature.
Add the Gateway VPC Endpoint (that's the free kind) for DynamoDB by default, in addition to the one for S3 that Substrate has managed since 2020.
Enable all the AWS Organizations policy types instead of just Service Control Policies.
In Instance Factory, create the IAM instance profile for the user's role just in time, which makes it a little easier to use custom roles in your IdP.
Add substrate account close so you can use --domain and --environment to close AWS accounts (with an aggressive confirmation step, as the significance of closing an accound demands).
Bug fix: Require (implied or explicit) --quality with --substrate in commands that select an account using the common flags. This is usually implied but, in the rare case it must be explicit, the error is clearer now.
Bug fix: Update the tags on the audit and (legacy) deploy accounts when we manage the IAM roles in those accounts so the accounts table will properly list them as being up-to-date.
Bug fix: Don't output non-sequiters when substrate is invoked from outside a Substrate repository and can't orient itself in the macOS keychain.

Upgrade instructions:

substrate upgrade to upgrade your local copy of the Substrate binary.
substrate setup to upgrade AWS Organizations and IAM, your networks, and your Intranet.
Have everyone on your team run substrate upgrade, too.

2024.01

Rename and reorganize Substrate commands into a clearer and more extensible hierarchy. Highlights include substrate accounts becoming substrate account list and substrate create-account being split into substrate account create and substrate account update but there are many more changes. See Changes to Substrate commands in 2024.01 for easy reference and bookmarking.
Switch to the POSIX standard of using two dashes to prefix long option names, i.e. -domain becomes --domain, etc.
Change the incantation to install Substrate shell completion. Please see Configuring Substrate shell completion and update your shell configuration.
Support -d as short for --domain and -e as short for --environment. Everywhere the long option is supported, the short option is now supported, too.
Add a new substrate terraform subcommand that translates flags like --domain www --environment staging --region us-west-2 into the appropriate working directory before passing all remaining arguments to terraform itself. For example, substrate terraform --domain www --environment staging --region us-west-2 plan is the same as terraform -chdir=root-modules/www/staging/default/us-west-2 plan. Bonus: Substrate's autocomplete works for --domain, --environment, --region, etc. and then gives way to Terraform's autocomplete for init, plan, apply, etc.
On macOS, substrate credentials will store access keys in the keychain so they may be shared between processes, even in different terminal windows without having to copy any environment variables or write to any files. Setting SUBSTRATE_FEATURES=IgnoreMacOSKeychain in the environment will turn off this new feature, should it cause you problems.
Directly manage VPC peering between the Substrate network (used by Instance Factory) and each of your environments as well as inter-region peering within each environment. Substrate will remove all the generated Terraform code in the root-modules/network/peering tree.
Automatically run terraform providers lock when modules are generated to prevent Terraform failures on lock file misses or mismatches when applying Terraform changes on different OS/architecture combinations.
Make Substrate's non-sensitive telemetry mandatory. Substrate will remove the substrate.telemetry file that formerly controlled this feature; you can remove it from version control.
Route telemetry straight to https://src-bin.com to improve the performance of every Substrate command. This reverts a change from 2023.07 which began routing telemetry through the Intranet.
Add --special audit to the account selection flags for substrate role create. Creating custom roles in your audit account is now supported.
Print a warning when Substrate detects that the reason substrate assume-role failed is because you previously ran eval $(substrate assume-role ...) in the same shell.
Cache the output of the organizations:DescribeOrganization API locally in .substrate.organization.json to improve the performance of every Substrate command.
Remove legacy dispatching of commands like substrate-assume-role (note the first -) that have been deprecated for over a year.
Remove substrate create-terraform-module entirely. This subcommand produced restrictively configured Terraform modules. mkdir(1) is honestly better.
Bug fix: Never attach the SubstrateDenySensitiveReads policy to the Auditor role in the audit account.
Bug fix: Don't reset Substrate-managed roles to an empty-ish assume-role policy when managing them.
Bug fix: With SUBSTRATE_DEBUG_AWS_IAM_ASSUME_ROLE_POLICIES in the environment, print the real assume-role policy rather than the partial assume-role policy used at creation to allow roles to reference themselves.

Upgrade instructions:

substrate upgrade to upgrade your local copy of the Substrate binary.
substrate setup to upgrade your Intranet and the basic IAM roles Substrate manages.
Have everyone on your team run substrate upgrade, too.

2023.12

Swap the next generation of the Substrate-managed Intranet, powered by AWS API Gateway v2, into service. This change is a no-op unless you've added your own internal tools to your Intranet. (See below.)
Remove API Gateway v1 resources from Terraform, which will result in plans that destroy lots of resources in root-modules/admin/*/*.
Automatically set the -quality option to substrate assume-role and substrate create-account when there's only one quality that's valid with the given environment. For the vast majority of uses, this means you'll never have to specify -quality again.
Add a short-circuit to substrate credentials. It will not open a browser window to authenticate with your IdP if there are credentials in its environment that are good for at least another six hours.
Add -force to substrate credentials which, when provided, will force it to open a browser window to (re)authenticate with your IdP even if there are valid credentials in the environment.
Move network sharing from generated Terraform code into Substrate. This removes the aws_ram_* and aws_ec2_tag resources from Terraform and leaves a time_sleep resource to be destroyed.
Add OS to the standard telemetry, with values like "darwin" or "linux".
Add -console to substrate setup-debugger to allow troubleshooting Substrate setup in the AWS Console as well as in a terminal.
Bug fix: Create the cross-account CloudWatch roles in all service accounts to prevent a crash that was possible in earlier versions.

If you added your own internal tools to your Intranet, be sure to follow the updated documentation on protecting internal tools before upgrading to avoid an outage to your internal tools. You can remove the old version after upgrading.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, it will be upgraded in place. Then run substrate setup to upgrade your Intranet.

2023.11

Preview of the next generation of the Substrate-managed Intranet. See below for more information.
Add -ignore-service-quotas to substrate accounts which, with -format shell, will be passed through to the generated substrate setup and substrate create-account commands. (This is exactly how -auto-approve and -no-apply have worked for a long time.)

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

The 2023.11 release contains a preview of the next generation of the Substrate-managed Intranet. It's powered by AWS API Gateway v2 which, among other advantages over v1, makes it much, much more straightfoward to wrap and proxy other arbitrary services while transparently and comprehensively authenticating and authorizing traffic using your identity provider. After you run substrate setup, the preview will be available on https://preview.example.com (replacing "example.com" with your Intranet DNS domain name).

If you've added any of your internal tools to your Intranet, you'll need to migrate them to the new style of integration before upgrading to Substrate 2023.12. See the forward-looking half of the documentation on protecting internal tools for the details.

Substrate 2023.12 will swap the new Intranet into place on your Intranet DNS domain name and remove both the old Intranet and the preview subdomain.

2023.10

Opt-in preview of the next generation of the Substrate-managed Intranet. See below for more information.
Add the substrate setup-debugger command to enable interactive access to the Substrate account before the identity provider integration is complete.
Bug fix: It is now possible (as was always intended) for your "default" region, where CloudTrail logs and the like are stored, to not appear in your list of service regions.
Bug fix: Only use OAuth OIDC access tokens for endpoints that require them; use client ID and secret the rest of the time.
Bug fix: Correct a policy statement covering access to Substrate's cached access key, used for minting credentials, so that we can use the cache more often.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

The 2023.10 release contains an early preview of the next generation of the Substrate-managed Intranet. It's powered by AWS API Gateway v2 which, among other advantages over v1, makes it much, much more straightfoward to wrap and proxy other arbitrary services while transparently and comprehensively authenticating and authorizing traffic using your identity provider. Opt into the preview and see what's coming (on a separate hostname so that there's no impact on your existing Intranet) like this:

SUBSTRATE_FEATURES=APIGatewayV2 substrate setup

The transition schedule from the original implementation of the Intranet to this new one is as follows:

Substrate 2023.11 will serve the new Intranet on https://preview.example.com (replacing "example.com" with your Intranet DNS domain name).
Substrate 2023.12 will swap the new Intranet into place on your Intranet DNS domain name and remove the old one.

If you wish to begin transitioning any custom internal tools you've attached to your Intranet, you may add route keys to the Substrate API with the Substrate authorizer. Full documentation of all the expanded possibilities for proxying to internal tools is forthcoming.

2023.09

The only supported upgrade path to Substrate 2023.09 is directly from 2023.08. If you need to make a catch-up upgrade, please upgrade to 2023.08 first and then upgrade to 2023.09 immediately after.

Upgrade Terraform to version 1.5.6 and the Terraform AWS provider to at least version 4.67.0.
Cede control of Terraform and Terraform AWS provider upgrades to customers via the new terraform.version and terraform-aws.version-constraint files, initialized to "1.5.6" and "~> 4.67.0", respectively.
Add AdministratorRoleARN and AuditorRoleARN fields for each account to the output of substrate accounts -format json to make automation against all your AWS accounts easier to write.
Add -arn to substrate assume-role so it's easier to make use of the IAM role ARNs produced by substrate accounts -format json, the AWS APIs, and other tools.
Manage an AuditAdministrator role in the audit account that Administrator can assume. This provides a managed, sanctioned path to manage everything from CloudTrail Lake to IAM access for compliance monitoring tools like Vanta.
Manage a fully-fledged Auditor role in the management account, providing more read access than the very limited OrganizationReader role.
Add an experimental delegated organization administration policy that allows the Substrate account to call all read-only APIs offered by AWS Organizations. You must opt into this feature by including the string "DelegatedOrganizationAdministration" in the SUBSTRATE_FEATURES environment variable.
Delete the now-unused CredentialFactory IAM user, its access keys, and the cache of one of those access keys in Secrets Manager.
Bug fix: Properly detect root access keys in substrate setup when they're provided in the environment instead of interactively. Previously, Substrate would only detect root access keys and switch to an IAM user that can assume roles when the root access key was provided interactively.
Bug fix: Test access keys retrieved from Secrets Manager before using them. Previously, Substrate's Credential Factory couldn't recover if the access key cached in Secrets Manager was deactivated or deleted.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate:

Upgrade Terraform to version 1.5.6 by running substrate terraform, downloading from Hashicorp, or some other means of your choice.
Run substrate setup to update your Intranet.
Run substrate setup-cloudtrail to create the new AuditAdministrator role in the audit account.

In August, Hashicorp announced a license change for future releases of their products, including Terraform. Since we've gotten questions from a few customers, we thought it best to address this change in these release notes, especially given we're pushing an upgrade to a Terraform version covered by this new license. To the best of our knowledge, every Substrate customer's use of Terraform falls comfortably within the Additional Use Grant in Hashicorp's Business Source License that covers production use that does not compete with Hashicorp's products. Therefore no action is necessary for any Substrate customer.

2023.08

Substrate 2023.08 is a major release. The marquee feature is the introduction of 12-hour AWS Console sessions from the Intranet's Accounts page but there's much, much more happening behind the scenes. Because of the complexity of the changes in this release, we're declaring ahead of time that you may not skip over this release in a catch-up upgrade. Next month's release will rely on the fact that all upgrades to 2023.09 will be coming from 2023.08.

substrate bootstrap-management-account, substrate bootstrap-deploy-account, substrate bootstrap-network-account, and substrate create-admin-account have all been removed in favor of a new, unified, and much faster substrate setup command. This command, like all Substrate commands, is idempotent and safe to run over and over again.
The admin account has been renamed the Substrate account and all aspirational hints at having multiple admin accounts have been removed. The Substrate account remains the account where the Intranet runs, where Credential Factory mints temporary credentials, and where Instance Factory launches instances. substrate setup will transparently upgrade everything the first time you run it. This name change is meant to more clearly demarcate Substrate when it's setup in complex existing AWS organizations.
The Intranet's CredentialFactory IAM user has been replaced with its more versatile Substrate IAM user. The CredentialFactory IAM user will be fully removed in a future release.
The Intranet now mints 12-hour sessions for the AWS Console, too.
The new substrate setup-cloudtrail command separates CloudTrail configuration from the rest of setup to make it easier for administrators to delay or entirely opt out of Substrate managint CloudTrail.
Stop creating the deploy account in new organizations (but maintain it in existing organizations). If the deploy account doesn't exist, store Terraform state in the Substrate account.
Tag all Substrate-managed accounts with the SubstrateType tag with one of the following values: "Substrate", "management", "audit", "deploy", "network", or "service".
Add -substrate to substrate assume-role for assuming roles in the Substrate account. Continue to accept -admin for now, too.
Add -substrate to substrate create-role and use "substrate" instead of "admin" in annotations left for substrate roles. Continue to accept -admin and understand "admin" annotations for now, too.
Change the GitHub OAuth OIDC thumbprint to "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff" at GitHub's recommendation because authentication between AWS and GitHub is now handled beyond customers' hands using the Web PKI.

Upgrade your local copy of Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, it will be upgraded in place.

After upgrading your local copy of Substrate, run substrate setup. This will turn your admin account into your Substrate account and ensure the entire matrix of IAM policies, roles, and users are up-to-date. It will run Terraform against your deploy, network, and Substrate accounts; you may add -auto-approve to make these non-interactive.

It is still good practice to run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell) or sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply) followed by sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to ensure that not only are all your service accounts in good standing in terms of the Substrate-managed IAM policies and roles but that all your Terraform code is working, too. However, as this is often a very onerous part of upgrading Substrate, we will endeavor from now on not to require you to apply Terraform changes in service accounts as part of Substrate upgrades.

2023.07

Add EmailSHA256 to the standard telemetry in order to approximate the total number of Substrate users.
Route telemetry to your Intranet first, log it to CloudWatch, and then submit to Source & Binary (if enabled), allowing you to inspect everything that's submitted.
Bug fix: Don't allow substrate create-role to manage Administrator or Auditor and especially don't allow substrate delete-role to delete them.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate, run substrate create-admin-account -quality <quality> to upgrade the Intranet. This is all that's required but, for good measure, you should run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply), review what Terraform plans to do, and then run sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to apply the changes.

2023.06

Add a page to the Intranet with information on the current Substrate version, available upgrades, and links to download Substrate.
Warn when substrate delete-role doesn't actually find any roles to delete, as it would when the -role option is misspelled.
Lay the groundwork (currently invisible) for Intranet-hosted audit logging of all Substrate commands executed in the organization.
Bug fix: Don't report duplicate -domain, -number, or -special options to substrate create-role commands generated by substrate roles.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2023.05

Add support for the AWS_RoleName custom user attribute in Okta, which catches up with Azure AD and Google by allowing Okta users to assign initial AWS IAM roles to each of their users individually.
Save a click on subsequent Intranet logins when using a Google IdP and when multiple Google accounts are logged in by remembering the Google Workspace domain in a cookie.
Change substrate create-role's canned access policy options from -administrator and -read-only to -administrator-access and -read-only-access to match the AWS-managed policy names and distinguish them from the similarly named -admin account-selection option.
When Substrate's run from a Fish shell, environment variables printed by substrate credentials and substrate assume-role will use Fish syntax.
Document the install.sh program that's been quietly distributed with Substrate for the past few months. See the documentation on unattended installation for more information.
Bug fix: Don't include -admin in the output of substrate roles just because -humans was included in the arguments to substrate create-role. The previous behavior potentially granted too many privileges in the admin account. Re-running substrate create-role with -humans and without -admin will correct the role's privileges in the admin account.
Bug fix: Don't attach policies specified by -administrator-access, -read-only-access, -policy-arn, or -policy options to admin accounts when -humans is given unless -admin is given, too. The previous behavior potentially granted too many privileges in the admin account. Re-running substrate create-role will correct the role's privileges in the admin account.
Bug fix: Accommodate a new error from S3 in which we cannot set ACLs on newly created buckets.

Before upgrading Substrate, if you use Okta as your identity provider, add the okta.users.read.self scope to your Intranet application and the AWS_RoleName attribute to each of your users by integrating your Okta identity provider again. If you use a different identity provider, no action is necessary.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2023.04

Cache an access key for the CredentialFactory IAM user (required to make 12-hour sessions) in AWS Secrets Manager to make the Credential Factory, both in the browser and the terminal, substantially faster.
Inspect the roles in all your AWS accounts concurrently to make substrate roles substantially faster, too.
Print much more helpful errors when the underlying error is simply that there weren't any AWS credentials in the environment.
Bug fix: In some situations, substrate roles would write out empty filenames for the -assume-role-policy and -policy options. Now it never does that.
Bug fix: substrate roles would never write out any -github-actions options no matter how nicely you asked. It is better behaved now.
Bug fix: Really, truly, never ask if you're OK submitting telemetry to Source & Binary outside of the first time you run substrate bootstrap-management-account.
Bug fix: The cache of accounts wasn't being cleared early enough such that substrate.accounts.txt could have included stale Substrate version numbers.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2023.03

Added substrate create-role to allow you to create and manage IAM roles and policies across all your AWS accounts. It supports selecting accounts by domain, environment, and quality and can grant access to selected accounts to humans (via your identity provider), AWS services, GitHub Actions configurations, and arbitrary AWS principals.
Added substrate delete-role for thoroughly deleting IAM roles created by substrate create-role across all your AWS accounts.
Added substrate roles which inspects all your AWS accounts and can recreate all your previous substrate create-role commands. It's analogous to substrate accounts, including supporting a -format shell option.
Tailored the output of substrate whoami to the kind of account so that it doesn't report — alarmingly, at first glance — that certain accounts don't have Domain, Environment, and Quality tags.
Only support the -non-interactive, -minimally-interactive, and -fully-interactive flags on bootstrapping and account creation subcommands. They had no purpose in other subcommands but muddled their usage messages.
Bug fix: Formally disallow spaces and commas in the names of domains, environments, and qualities.
Bug fix: More aggressively garbage-collect expired tokens from half-completed eval $(substrate credentials) invocations in Credential Factory.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate, you should run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply). This Substrate upgrade does not require any Terraform changes to be applied so whether and when to do so is left to you.

This month, Substrate's documentation and release notes are moving to https://docs.src-bin.com/substrate/. Old URLs will redirect to their equivalent on the new subdomain. And, for your troubles, we're pleased to now offer search over the Substrate documentation! Going forward, the new canonical URL for the release notes is http://docs.src-bin.com/substrate/releases.

2023.02

Allow adopting an existing account as the Substrate-managed audit account to prevent duplication when bootstrapping Substrate in existing organizations.
Make the Substrate-managed CloudTrail configuration optional to prevent very expensive duplication when bootstrapping Substrate in existing organizations.
Allow opting out of the Service Control Policy that enforces the uses of the EC2 IMDSv2 to allow more time for legacy workloads to be upgraded.
Don't make folks go through the exercise of pairing environments and qualities in substrate bootstrap-network-account in case there's only one valid quality.
Stop asking for confirmation before applying Terraform changes in root-modules/network/peering, which are completely generated, very simple, and very safe to make substrate bootstrap-network-account a much more pleasant experience.
Rewrite module.substrate.tags to be based on the root-modules filesystem hierarchy instead of an external process so it can be used earlier in the Terraform run.
Annotate the Intranet's Accounts page, the output of substrate accounts, and the substrate.accounts.txt file with the version of Substrate last used to manage each account in your organization to make upgrades more observable.
Remove long-unused substrate-instance-factory security group from admin accounts. The Instance Factory stopped using this security group over a year ago but if there do happen to still be EC2 instances using this security group, substrate create-admin-account will fail.
Enforce CSRF protections in the Intranet more aggressively when the CSRF cookie isn't present, closing the transitional period for this security feature.
Introduce the SUBSTRATE_DEBUG_AWS_LOGS and SUBSTRATE_DEBUG_AWS_RETRIES environment variables to support debugging Substrate.
Bug fix: Race between VPC-related Terraform resources and sharing/tagging the appropriate VPC in admin and service accounts is no longer a race.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate, you should run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply), review what Terraform plans to do, and then run sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to apply the changes. Commit the new substrate.enforce-imdsv2 and substrate.manage-cloudtrail files to version control.

2023.01

Upgrade Terraform to version 1.3.6 and the Terraform AWS provider to at least version 4.47.0.
substrate terraform will now download and unzip the correct version of Terraform into the same directory as substrate itself.
substrate intranet-zip now supports -base64sha256 and -format json which are used in the generated Terraform code to prevent Intranet downgrades.
Bug fix: substrate -version now writes to standard output instead of standard error to make install automation easier to write.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate:

Upgrade Terraform to version 1.3.6 by running substrate terraform, downloading from Hashicorp, or some other means of your choice.
Run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply) to review what Terraform plans to do.
Run sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to apply the changes.

2022.12

Add support for Azure Active Directory identity providers. See changing identity providers and integrating your Azure AD identity provider if you want to switch.
Bug fix: Don't interpret the new default value for -quality as an erroneously user-supplied value with -management or -special in substrate assume-role.
Bug fix: Tolerate substrate.qualities being missing when trying to find a suitable default value for -quality options.
Bug fix: Change to SUBSTRATE_ROOT, if set, before trying to use substrate.qualities to find a suitable default value for -quality options.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2022.11

-quality "..." is now optional in organizations that have only one line in substrate.qualities, which can allow substrate assume-role, substrate create-account, and substrate create-admin-account invocations to be a little shorter. Note that substrate accounts -format shell will continue to generate the longer version with an explicit -quality option.
Use only tags to determine whether an account for a given domain, environment, and quality exists. This means that the email address on a Substrate-managed account doesn't have to be derived from the email address on the management account, that you don't absolutely have to change every account's email address if you want to change your management account's email address, and that you don't have to change the email address on every account you invite into your organization in order for Substrate to work with it.
Add -number to substrate create-account which allows you to tag an existing organization account with a domain, environment, and quality, generate Terraform modules for it, and manage its basic IAM roles just like any other Substrate-managed account.
Expand the bucket policy on the S3 buckets created in the deploy account in each region to allow s3:GetBucketLocation, s3:GetObject*, s3:ListBucket*, and s3:PutObject*.
Keep the Intranet's logs in CloudWatch for seven days instead of just one to facilitate debugging after the fact.
Transparently switch the Intranet's Lambda functions to run on the ARM architecture, which is 20% cheaper thanks in part to the underlying ARM instances using less power.
Bug fix: Correctly detect when an organization hits its limit on the number of accounts it can contain and open a support case to raise that limit.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2022.10

Change Substrate's internal use of AWS IAM roles to only assume a role if it's different than the role Substrate has already assumed. This ensures folks won't run afoul of the new, stricter evaluation of IAM roles' trust policies, as outlined in Announcing an update to IAM role trust policy behavior and set to take full effect February 15, 2023.
Allow the DeployAdministrator and NetworkAdministrator roles to assume themselves, explicitly allowing this after the new, stricter evaluation of IAM roles' trust policies (described above) takes full effect.
Add modules/common/global and modules/common/regional which will be instantiated in every new service account. See below for directions on opting existing service accounts into this new default behavior.
Add modules/deploy/global and modules/deploy/regional as blank slates so folks can add resources (e.g. AWS ECR repositories) to their deploy account in every region.
Change the schema of the output of substrate credentials -format json to be compatible with the AWS SDK's credential_process directive. Specifically, rename AccessKeyID to AccessKeyId and Expires to Expiration, as documented in Sourcing credentials with an external process.
Add substrate credentials -no-open to give folks the opportunity to choose which browser window opens the Credential Factory authorization.
Memoize and parallelize listing accounts to improve performance.
Memoize OAuth OIDC signing keys in the Intranet to improve Intranet performance.
Bug fix: Avoid infinite recursion when using substrate credentials as a credential_process for the AWS CLI/SDK. Substrate never intended to read ~/.aws/config or ~/.aws/credentials but was doing so inadvertantly; it no longer reads either of these files.

If you wish to instantiate the new common modules in your existing service accounts, take the following steps for each domain:

Add the following block to modules/domain/global/main.tf:

 module "common" {
   providers = {
     aws           = aws
     aws.us-east-1 = aws.us-east-1
   }
   source = "../../common/global"
 }

Add the following block to modules/domain/regional/main.tf:

 module "common" {
   providers = {
     aws         = aws
     aws.network = aws.network
   }
   source = "../../common/regional"
 }

Run substrate create-account -domain`` ``domain``-environment``environment``-quality``quality for each domain service account.

These modules aren't being instantiated in existing service accounts automatically because Substrate can't guarantee that's safe.

Upgrade Substrate by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

2022.09

Ensure folks assigned non-Administrator roles in their identity provider can always get credentials and get into the AWS Console. This will manifest as Terraform changing an ARN to "*" in your admin account.
Expand the Intranet's logging to CloudWatch Logs to better help folks diagnose any substrate credentials failures they may encounter.
Tune retries and timeouts in the Credential Factory and substrate credentials to ensure we get more meaningful error messages and fewer 504 Gateway Timeout responses. This will manifest as Terraform lowering the Intranet Lambda functions' timeouts.
Remove the long-unnecessary attachment of arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonAPIGatewayPushToCloudWatchLogs to your admin account's Administrator role. This will manifest as Terraform destroying module.intranet.aws_iam_role_policy_attachment.admin-cloudwatch in your admin account.
Bug fix: Garbage collect expired tokens that were never fetched by substrate credentials (whether due to bugs, the process being interrupted, or something else).
Bug fix: Hide JavaScript paths introduced in 2022.08 from the Intranet's index page.

Get the 2022.09 release by running substrate upgrade and following its prompts. If your copy of substrate is writeable, this will be all you need to do to upgrade.

After upgrading Substrate, you at least need to run substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality to update your Intranet. Even better would be to run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply), review what Terraform plans to do, and then run sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to apply the changes.

2022.08

Automate the tedious step of logging out of the AWS Console before logging in again in a different account. The window that opens will now briefly display the AWS homepage before redirecting to the AWS Console. (This marks the first introduction of JavaScript in the Intranet but, having exhausted all other options, this seems a worthwhile cause. Note, however, that this enhancement does not cover the -console option to substrate assume-role in order to keep that command completely decoupled from the Intranet.)
Add -no-apply to substrate accounts -format shell to enable you to review all the changes Terraform is planning to make across all your accounts at once. (After you review, you could swap -no-apply for -auto-approve or run terraform apply in each root module directly.)
Enforce a one-hour time limit for invocations of substrate credentials. There's a theoretical security benefit to doing so but mostly this prevents forgotten shells from running up your Lambda and CloudWatch bill while muddling your Intranet's logs.
Add a new substrate upgrade command, to be put into service with the 2022.09 release. (More details and updated documentation will accompany that release.)
Bug fix: Prevent pathologically long email addresses from breaking Credential Factory by exceeding the allowed length of RoleSessionName in the sts:AssumeRole API.
Bug fix: Don't fail spuriously when trying to create an account that already exists when the organization is at its limit for accounts.
Bug fix: Prevent a rare crash when submitting telemetry to Source & Binary.

Upgrade Substrate as in the updated installation manual:

tar xf substrate-version-commit-OS-ARCH.tar.gz -C ~/bin --strip-components 2 substrate-version-commit-OS-ARCH/bin/substrate
Each released version and commit is offered in four binary formats; choose the appropriate one for your system. OS is one of “darwin” or “linux” and ARCH is one of “amd64” or “arm64”.
You can install Substrate wherever you like. If ~/bin doesn't suit you, just ensure the directory where you install it is on your PATH.

After upgrading Substrate, the best idea is to run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell -no-apply), review what Terraform proposes to do, and then run sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) to ensure your code and your AWS organization don't diverge. If you need a minimal upgrade process, it's substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality to update your Intranet.

Advance notice of an upcoming change: Next month's release will delete an old EC2 security group that was used by the Instance Factory until late 2021. Beware that, if you have any Instance Factory instances from 2021 or earlier, you'll have to change their security group or terminate them before upgrading next month.

2022.07

Restructure the Substrate distribution to:
- Separate the substrate program in bin/ from optional extra programs in opt/bin/.
- Remove deprecated symbolic links from the distribution (though the functionality has not been and will not be removed from substrate so previously installed symbolic links will continue to function).
- Include source code in release tarballs to obviate the need to micromanage GitHub collaborators.
Always prefix substrate accounts -format shell output with set -e -x so the shell will stop on error and print the commands as they're executed.
Add -auto-approve to substrate accounts -format shell to enable one-command, non-interactive upgrades for the most daring among us.
Add module.substrate.cidr_prefix to the other outputs of the convenience module.substrate that's automatically available in domain modules.
Bug fix: substrate create-account in 2022.06 failed to create accounts but now it's back. (It had one job!)
Bug fix: Substrate shell completion never fully worked in Z shell but now it does.
Bug fix: Running Lambda function processes could corrupt themselves with environment variables for the CredentialFactory user, losing access to the Intranet role until the process ends.

Upgrade Substrate as in the updated installation manual:

tar xf substrate-version-commit-OS-ARCH.tar.gz -C ~/bin --strip-components 2 substrate-version-commit-OS-ARCH/bin/substrate
Each released version and commit is offered in four binary formats; choose the appropriate one for your system. OS is one of “darwin” or “linux” and ARCH is one of “amd64” or “arm64”.
You can install Substrate wherever you like. If ~/bin doesn't suit you, just ensure the directory where you install it is on your PATH.

After upgrading Substrate:

substrate bootstrap-management-account
substrate bootstrap-network-account
substrate bootstrap-deploy-account
substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality for each of your admin accounts
substrate create-account -domain`` ``domain``-environment``environment``-quality``quality for each of your service accounts

If your shell supports process substitution, you can run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell) to run all of these, in the proper order, in one command. As of this release you can make this non-interactive as sh <(substrate accounts -auto-approve -format shell) but this is not recommended as it forgoes your opportunity to object before Terraform applies changes.

2022.06

Substrate subcommands that create AWS accounts or apply Terraform code (substrate bootstrap-* and substrate create-*account) now prevent Substrate downgrades by checking the tags on the accounts themselves.
POST requests to the Instance Factory have long-overdue CSRF mitigations in place.
Upgrade Terraform to version 1.2.3 and the Terraform AWS provider to at least version 4.20.0.
Address deprecation warnings about aws_subnet_ids everywhere except in the generated modules/peering-connection directory, which will take a little more time.
Make the OAuth OIDC flow in your Intranet a little more debuggable in case of IdP misconfiguration or a Substrate bug.
Bug fix: Don't give up too early waiting for IAM credentials to become usable. This caused substrate credentials to occasionally hang forever in 2022.05.

After upgrading Substrate:

Upgrade to Terraform 1.2.3
substrate bootstrap-management-account
substrate bootstrap-network-account
substrate bootstrap-deploy-account
substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality for each of your admin accounts
substrate create-account -domain`` ``domain``-environment``environment``-quality``quality for each of your service accounts

If your shell supports process substitution, you can upgrade Terraform and then run sh <(substrate accounts -format shell) to run all of these, in the proper order, in one command.

2022.05

Allow customization of EC2 instances from the Instance Factory by using a launch template named InstanceFactory-arm64 or InstanceFactory-x86_64, if the one matching the requested instance type is defined. See customizing EC2 instances from the Instance Factory for details and an example.
Add cloudtrail:DeleteTrail to the (short) list of APIs that are denied by the Substrate-managed service control policy on your management account.
Remove verion constraints from Terraform modules in the modules/ tree, instead letting all the version constraints come from the root module.
Upgrade the Terraform AWS provider to at least 4.12.
Remove dormant copies of various parts of the Intranet, which were deprecated as their functionality was moved into the monolithic Intranet IAM role and Lambda function.
Bug fix: Add organizations:DescribeOrganization to the IAM policy attached to the CredentialFactory IAM user so that it can orient itself fully.
Bug fix: Submit your Intranet URL to AWS so that when you're logged out of the AWS Console it links you to how you get back in instead of to the Substrate product page.
Bug fix: Sort Terraform resources by their type and label as has always been intended. This will result in differences in source code but not in Terraform plans.
Bug fix: Print prompts to standard error so they don't corrupt parseable output.

After upgrading Substrate:

substrate bootstrap-management-account
substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality for each of your admin accounts

2022.04

Enforce, via organization-wide Service Control Policy, that EC2 instances must be launched with access to IMDSv2 and not IMDSv1. The Instance Factory has been launching compatible instances since 2021.10. If for some reason you need to roll this step back, use your Intranet's Accounts page to open the AWS Console in your management account with the OrganizationAdministrator role, visit https://console.aws.amazon.com/organizations/v2/home/policies/service-control-policy, and delete SubstrateServiceControlPolicy. When you've migrated whatever needed IMDSv1 to use IMDSv2, re-run substrate bootstrap-management-account.
Substrate now ships with a rudimentary autocomplete mechanism for Bash, Z shell, and other shells with compatibility for Bash completion.
Substrate can now be used to drive the --profile option to the standard AWS CLI. See using AWS CLI profiles for details.
Upgrade the AWS Terraform provider to version 4.9.0 or (slightly) newer.
Remove the dependency on the AWS CLI in the generated modules/substrate Terraform code.
Bug fix: Lessen the possibility of a TooManyRequestsException from AWS Organizations during Terraform runs.
Bug fix: Update the SubstrateVersion tag on your AWS accounts themselves when Substrate tries to create them and finds that they already exist.
Bug fix: This time Substrate actually asks if it may post telemetry to Source & Binary as promised in the previous release.
Bug fix: Prevent a rare crash when trying to post tememetry early so commands can exit earlier.
Bug fix: Use Terraform resource references in root-modules/deploy to avoid a race during substrate bootstrap-deploy-account.
Bug fix: Properly support older instance types, especially t2, in the Instance Factory.

After upgrading Substrate:

Configure Substrate shell completion
substrate bootstrap-management-account
substrate create-admin-account -quality`` ``quality for each of your admin accounts

2022.03

Substrate now asks if it may post telemetry to Source & Binary. The data will be used to better understand how Substrate is being used and how it can be improved.
Address deprecation warnings from the AWS Terraform provider by refactoring root-modules/deploy.
Bug fix: Correctly pass an AWS access key to Terraform even if that access key is from an IAM user. This situation is unlikely but can come up during bootstrapping in brownfield environments.
Bug fix: Display environments and qualities in the order they're defined in substrate.environments and substrate.qualities on the Intranet's Accounts page and in the output of substrate accounts and substrate root-modules.

After upgrading Substrate:

substrate bootstrap-deploy-account
substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." for each of your admin accounts

2022.02

Upgrade to Terraform 1.1.6.
Manage L-29A0C5DF, the AWS service limit on the number of accounts in an AWS organization, so that substrate-create-admin-account and substrate-create-account can proceed smoothly when you create your 11th account.
Remove the SubstrateVersion tag from Terraform-managed resources. It hasn't been as helpful here as it is on Substrate-managed resources. Plus, Terraform plans are much easier to read without it.
Bug fix: Pin the Terraform AWS provider to versions less than 4.0 which contains breaking changes that will be addressed in a subsequent Substrate release.

You must upgrade to Terraform 1.1.6 in order to use Substrate 2022.02. Terraform 1.1.6 may be found here:

After upgrading Substrate, do the following to land the Terraform upgrade and remove the SubstrateVersion tags:

substrate-bootstrap-network-account
substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account
substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." for each of your admin accounts
substrate-create-account -domain="..." -environment="..." -quality="..." for each of your service accounts

2022.01

The -role="..." option to substrate-assume-role now defaults to OrganizationAdministrator, Auditor, DeployAdministrator, or NetworkAdministrator for the special accounts and Administrator for admin and service accounts (or Auditor pretty much across the board, if you begin in the Auditor role). This should save a great deal of typing.
Add a navigational header to the Intranet to help folks get around.
Allow the Auditor role in the audit account to use Amazon Athena to query the CloudTrail logs stored in S3 there. See auditing your Substrate-managed AWS organization for more details.
Bug fix: Substrate 2021.12 inadvertantly stopped accepting EC2 instance profile credentials on Instance Factory instances. (The instances are still assigned the correct role, Substrate programs just wouldn't use it.) Substrate programs once again use EC2 instance profile credentials when available.

After upgrading Substrate:

substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..."
Upgrade Substrate in your Instance Factory instances, if you install it there

2021.12

Substate now uses your default region (the one you chose to host your organization’s CloudTrail logs, among other things) when it executes global root modules. This allows you to more completely decouple yourself from us-east-1 if you so choose.
Bug fix: Allow the Instance Factory to pass any IAM role configured in your IdP on to EC2 instances your non-Administrator users launch.
Safety feature: No longer read ~/.aws/credentials under any circumstances. Since we never use this file in a Substrate-managed AWS organization, reading this file can only serve to “cross the streams” with a legacy AWS account.

The upgrade process this month is much more involved that most. As such, we’ll talk in Slack about when you’re going to perform the upgrade to ensure support’s available in the moment.

Before upgrading Substrate, audit your Terraform modules for resources in global modules that aren’t from global AWS serivces by copying the following program to audit.sh in your Substrate repository and running sh audit.sh.

set -e

substrate root-modules |
grep "/global\$" |
while read DIRNAME
do
    echo "$DIRNAME" >&2
    terraform -chdir="$DIRNAME" state pull >"$DIRNAME/audit.tfstate"
    grep -F ":us-east-1:" "$DIRNAME/audit.tfstate" || :
    rm -f "$DIRNAME/audit.tfstate"
    echo >&2
done

Every resource this program identifies needs to be modified before proceeding. The most likely modification is to add provider = aws.us-east-1 to resources in the Terraform code that manages them.

Block all your coworkers from making Terraform changes however you usually do (announcing in Slack, deactivating CI/CD jobs, taking state file locks, etc.) and move your global state files from us-east-1 to your default region by copying the following program to mv-state.sh in your Substrate repository and running sh mv-state.sh.

set -e

DEFAULT_REGION="$(cat "substrate.default-region")"
PREFIX="$(cat "substrate.prefix")"

if [ "$DEFAULT_REGION" = "us-east-1" ]
then exit # nothing to do
fi

eval $(substrate-assume-role -role="DeployAdministrator" -special="deploy")

substrate root-modules |
grep "/global\$" |
while read DIRNAME
do
    echo "$DIRNAME" >&2
    aws s3 cp "s3://$PREFIX-terraform-state-us-east-1/$DIRNAME/terraform.tfstate" "s3://$PREFIX-terraform-state-$DEFAULT_REGION/$DIRNAME/terraform.tfstate"
    aws s3 rm "s3://$PREFIX-terraform-state-us-east-1/$DIRNAME/terraform.tfstate"
    echo >&2
done

Once you’ve run this program, there’s a provider to thread through the tree of Terraform modules before you can upgrade to Substrate 2021.12.

Add the following four lines in the domain module stanzas in root-modules/*/*/*/global/main.tf:
```
  providers = {
    aws           = aws
    aws.us-east-1 = aws.us-east-1
  }
```
Add the following three lines below aws = { in modules/*/global/versions.tf except modules/lambda-function/global/versions.tf, modules/substrate/global/versions.tf, and your own modules:
```
  configuration_aliases = [
    aws.us-east-1,
  ]
```

(I regret not being able to provide a patch(1) file for these operations but the contents of versions.tf post-Terraform 1.0 are too unpredictable to do so safely.)

Now you can upgrade Substrate. Don’t release your block just yet, though.

After upgrading Substrate:

substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account
substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." for each of your admin accounts
substrate-create-account -domain="..." -environment="..." -quality="..." for each of your service accounts

Once all of these have run successfully, ensure all your coworkers upgrade Substrate and unblock Terraform changes.

I regret the complexity of this upgrade process but feel it is, on balance, less risky than attempting to hide all this motion behind automation. Thanks for your patience.

2021.11

New installations no longer configure a SAML provider. Instead, all AWS API and Console access is brokered by OAuth OIDC and your Intranet. Existing SAML providers are not removed.
For those using Google as their IdP, read the name of the role to assume in the Credential and Instance Factories and the AWS Console from custom attributes on Google Workspace users. (For Okta users, Administrator is still the default.)
Forward Cookie headers to HTTP(S) services wired into the Intranet by the experimental new modules/intranet/regional/proxy module. The theoretical security benefit of not exposing raw cookies (and instead exposing identity) is not remotely worth the loss in functionality it cost.
Reduce the chance of Intranet misconfiguration by limiting which API Gateways can forward to the substrate-intranet Lambda function.
Bug fix: The links to other parts of the Intranet from the page that substrate-credentials opens in your browser are relative links and were missing the ../ prefix, which has now been added.
Removed version pinning of the long-unused Terraform archive provider.
Removed -no-cloudwatch from substrate-bootstrap-management-account, substrate-create-admin-account, and substrate-create-account in favor of just actually detecting when it’s necessary and not doing it when it’s not.

Before upgrading Substrate, if you’re using Google as your IdP:

Add an additional custom attribute as follows:
1. Visit https://admin.google.com/ac/customschema in a browser (or visit https://admin.google.com, click Users, click More, and click Manage custom attributes)
2. Click the AWS section
3. In the blank bottom row, enter “RoleName” for Name, select “Text” for Info type, select “Visible to user and admin” for Visibility, select “Single Value” for No. of values
4. Click SAVE
Visit https://admin.google.com/ac/users and set the RoleName attribute in the AWS category to “Administrator” for every user authorized to use AWS.
Visit https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/library/admin.googleapis.com, confirm the selected project is the one that contains your Intranet’s OAuth OIDC configuration (its name will be listed next to “Google Cloud Platform” in the header), and click ENABLE.

After upgrading Substrate:

Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to upgrade your Intranet.

2021.10

The Intranet’s /accounts page now logs you into the AWS Console and assumes the specified role without requiring you to have already been logged in.
The -console option to substrate-assume-role likewise now logs into the AWS Console and assumes the specified role without requiring you to have already been logged in.
Auditor roles can now assume other Auditor roles, making it possible for Auditor to move throughout the organization while retaining its read-only status.
The lists of principals that can assume the Administrator and Auditor roles may now be augmented by adding a JSON-encoded assume role policy in substrate.Administrator.assume-role-policy.json and/or substrate.Auditor.assume-role-policy.json.
Enforce the use of IMDSv2 on instances from the Instance Factory. This is a prerequisite for organization-wide enforcement of using IMDSv2, which is an important default that reduces the potential impact of SSRF vulnerabilities.
substrate-whoami output now also includes your IAM role ARN.
Prompt folks to cd or set SUBSTRATE_ROOT when they try to eval $(substrate-credentials) from outside the Substrate repository.
Allow all accounts in the organization, not just admin accounts, to read shared CloudWatch metrics.
Added experimental modules/intranet/regional/proxy that makes it easy to put SSO in front of internal websites and HTTP APIs. See protecting internal websites for more information and an example.
Bug fix: Grant s3:PutObjectAcl so that it’s possible for all authorized principals to upload objects with the bucket-owner-full-control canned ACL.
Bug fix: Extract substrate-intranet.zip from the substrate binary during Terraform runs in root-modules/admin/*/* instead of only during substrate-create-admin-account. This makes it far less painful for mulitple teammates to work in the same Substrate repository and for CI/CD systems to apply Terraform changes.
Bug fix: Prevent a race between VPC sharing and tagging that caused substrate-create-admin-account and substrate-create-account to fail every time they were used to actually create an account.
Added -no-cloudwatch to substrate-bootstrap-management-account, substrate-create-admin-account, and substrate-create-account that skips the slow process of managing all the roles necessary for cross-account CloudWatch sharing. (Useful if you’re certain you’ve not created a new account and you’re in a hurry.)

After upgrading Substrate:

Run substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account to fix the bucket policy so that all authorized principals in the organization can upload to the deploy artifact bucket(s).
Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to upgrade your Intranet and Auditor roles. Note well this will produce a fair number of new resources; this is step one in a multi-month process of brining some naming consistency to Substrate-managed resources in IAM, Lambda, and other AWS services.

2021.09.28

Bug fix: Properly detect when Substrate tools are invoked via symbolic links (i.e. in their original substrate-assume-role form rather than their new substrate assume-role form) on MacOS.

If you’re upgrading from 2021.08, follow the upgrade instructions from 2021.09. If you already upgraded to 2021.09, there are no further upgrade steps.

2021.09

This release changes the interactive interface to substrate-bootstrap-network-account and substrate-create-admin-account to make them easier to run in CI. If you are automating these commands by providing yes and no answers on standard input, this release will break your automation; you should run these commands interactively first to see what’s changed. The details of what’s changed are listed in the usual format below.

Move all Substrate commands into the substrate binary with symbolic links replacing the substrate-* binaries from previous releases. This can mostly be considered a no-op but note that now Substrate commands may be also be invoked as substrate`` ``subcommand. This is not a deprecation notice for the original invocation style.
Added -fully-interactive, -minimally-interactive, and -non-interactive to all Substrate commands. -fully-interactive is almost identical (see below) to the behavior of 2021.08 and earlier releases. -minimally-interactive is the new default and removes the incessant “is this correct? (yes/no)” dialogs, which I thought would be welcome but turned out to be annoying. -non-interactive will never prompt for input and will instead exit with a non-zero status if input is required.
Changed the interactive prompts concerning Google and Okta configuration to make them less bothersome and (in the Okta case) less prone to unintentional changes. If you are automating substrate-create-admin-account by providing yes and no answers on standard input, this change will break your automation; you should run this command interactively first to see what’s changed.
Added a confirmation to substrate-create-admin-account and substrate-create-account to prevent errant creation of new AWS accounts (which are tedious to delete in case creation was a mistake) plus a new -create option to suppress that confirmation.
Updated the Substrate-managed Service Control Policy attached to your organization to deny access to the cloudtrail:CreateTrail API. Substrate creates a multi-region, organization-wide trail early in its initialization. This policy prevents additional trails from being created because they are excessively expensive and redundant.
Added e-mail address columns to tables of AWS accounts in substrate.accounts.txt, substrate-accounts, and the Intranet’s /accounts page.
Added -format=shell to substrate-accounts, which enumerates AWS accounts as shell commands to the various substrate-bootstrap-* and substrate-create-* commands. This is useful for driving CI/CD of Terraform changes. It’s also useful for automating Substrate upgrades.
Added substrate-root-modules, which enumerates every Substrate-managed Terraform root module in a sensible order. This, too, is useful for driving CI/CD of Terraform changes.
Added a new root-modules/deploy/global root module under the management of substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account. Substrate doesn’t manage any resources there but you’re free to.
Bug fix: Ensure that objects put into the deploy buckets in S3 by any account in your organization may actually be fetched by other accounts in your organization. Requires objects be uploaded with the bucket-owner-full-control canned ACL.
Bug fix: Avoid a fork bomb in case substrate-whoami is invoked with a / in the pathname (i.e. as ~/bin/substrate-whoami).

After upgrading Substrate:

Run substrate-bootstrap-management-account to update your organization’s Service Control Policy.
Run substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account to reconfigure the deploy buckets in S3 and generate the global root module.
Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to add the e-mail address column to your Intranet’s /accounts page.

2021.08

Roll substrate-apigateway-authorizer, substrate-credential-factory, and substrate-instance-factory into substrate-intranet. This is a no-op listed here for transparency. It’s a prerequisite step towards unifying all the Substrate tools as subcommands of substrate, thereby reducing the size and complexity of the Substrate distribution.
Stop using the archive and external Terraform providers by embedding substrate-intranet.zip directly in substrate-create-admin-account. Dependence on these providers will be made optional in a subsequent release.
VPCs are no longer shared organization-wide, leaving the fine-grained VPC sharing introduced in 2021.07 to maintain each service account’s access to its intended VPCs.
The Instance Factory now supports ARM instances (i.e. the a1, c6g, m6g, r6g, and t4g families).
Bug fix: Switch back to the original working directory in substrate-assume-role (which will have changed if invoked with SUBSTRATE_ROOT set) before forking and executing a child process.
Added substrate-whoami to make it easy to learn the domain, environment, and quality of the AWS account your current credentials operate on.
Added -format=json to substrate-accounts to make it easier to enumerate and act programatically on every AWS account in your organization. See enumerating all your AWS accounts for an example.

After upgrading Substrate:

Run substrate-bootstrap-management-account to grant substrate-whoami the permissions it needs.
Run substrate-bootstrap-network-account to remove coarse-grained organization-wide VPC sharing.
Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to upgrade your Intranet.

2021.07

The Intranet’s /accounts page now opens the AWS Console in new browser tabs as it probably always should have.
Substrate now only manages the version constraint on the archive, aws, and external providers rather than all of versions.tf. This opens the door to Substrate users adding (and version constraining) additional providers. See additional Terraform providers for an example.
Upgrade to and pin Terraform 1.0.2 and the aws provider >= 3.49.0.
Tag many more AWS resources with Manager and SubstrateVersion using the default_tags facility of the AWS provider. If you encounter the following error, remove Manager and SubstrateVersion (if present) from the indicated resources and re-run.\
```
Error: "tags" are identical to those in the "default_tags" configuration block of the provider: please de-duplicate and try again
```
All Substrate tools will now change their working directory to the value of the SUBSTRATE_ROOT environment variable, if set, rather than always proceeding in whatever the working directory was when invoked.
Share VPCs specifically with accounts that match their environment and quality. This is a no-op that enables a future release to remove organization-wide VPC sharing.

You must upgrade to Terraform 1.0.2 in order to use Substrate 2021.07. Terraform 1.0.2 may be found here:

After upgrading Terraform and Substrate:

Run substrate-bootstrap-network-account and substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account to complete the Terraform 1.0.2 upgrade there. Note well that tags and tags_all output will be somewhat confusing but will ultimately do the right thing.
Run substrate-create-admin-account and substrate-create-account to complete the Terraform 1.0.2 upgrade for each of your admin and service accounts. Here, too, note well that tags and tags_all output will be somewhat confusing but will ultimately do the right thing.

2021.06

List all the Intranet resources on the Intranet homepage, not just top-level resources.
Roll substrate-apigateway-authenticator and substrate-apigateway-index into substrate-intranet. This is a no-op listed here for transparency.
Tag shared VPCs in service accounts to clearly indicate in the AWS Console which one you should be using. This lays the groundwork for finer-grained VPC sharing in a future release.
Upgrade to and pin Terraform 0.15.5 and newer providers with relaxed >= version constraints on providers (but not Terraform itself).

You must upgrade to Terraform 0.15.5 in order to use Substrate 2021.06. Terraform 0.15.5 may be found here:

After upgrading Terraform and Substrate:

Run substrate-bootstrap-network-account and substrate-bootstrap-deploy-account to complete the Terraform 0.15.5 upgrade there.
Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to update your Intranet.
Run substrate-create-account -domain="..." -environment="..." -quality="..." for all your service accounts to tag your shared VPCs.

If you’ve added any stub provider blocks to your modules, leave them in place for now and accept the deprecation warning. Terraform only allows one required_providers block and that is now managed by Substrate. A future release will accommodate these additional providers.

2021.05

Bug fix: S3 traffic from private subnets is now correctly routed via the VPC Endpoint and not through the NAT Gateway.
Bug fix: Allow outbound IPv6 traffic from Instance Factory instances to match IPv4 and enable use of the IPv6 Internet.
Bug fix: Instance Factory instances now have 100GB disks instead of whatever the AMI happened to request, which recently shrank from 8GB to 2GB.
Bug fix: The Instance Factory now only lists instances which belong to you. It previously listed all instances for all your users.
By popular request, authorize admin accounts to directly access CloudWatch logs and metrics from all your accounts.

After upgrading:

Run substrate-bootstrap-network-account to fix S3 routes.
Run substrate-create-admin-account -quality=<quality> to enable direct CloudWatch access and make Instance Factory improvements.

2021.04

Added /accounts to the Intranet with links to assume the Administrator and Auditor roles in all your accounts in the AWS Console.
Added -console to substrate-assume-role which attempts to open the AWS Console’s role switching screen in your web browser with all the values filled in.
Added substrate-create-terraform-module which creates the directory structure (with the global and regional pattern), providers, and Substrate metadata for a new Terraform module.
Now building for M1 Macs, too.

After upgrading, run substrate-create-admin-account -quality=<quality> to add /accounts to your Intranet.

2021.03

Extended AWS Console sessions to 12 hours for organizations using Google as their IdP.
Upgrade to and pin Terraform 0.14.7.
substrate-bootstrap-network-account now creates peering connections between all VPCs in all regions for each environment across all valid qualities.
Fixed a bug in the Administrator role in admin accounts that prevented Instance Factory instances from seamlessly assuming the role.

You must upgrade to Terraform 0.14.7 in order to use Substrate 2021.03. Terraform 0.14.7 may be found here:

After upgrading:

rm -f -r root-modules/network/*/peering and remove these files from version control.
substrate-bootstrap-network-account to peer all your VPCs that should be peered.
substrate-create-admin-account -quality="..." to fix Instance Factory IAM roles, following the Google SAML setup guide if Google is your IdP to also get 12-hour AWS Console sessions.

2021.02

Added -format from substrate-credentials to substrate-assume-role per request from a customer. Now credentials can be had with or without the export prefix or as JSON a la aws sts assume-role itself.
Removed root-modules/admin/*’s awkward dependency on finding GOBIN in the environment. The generated Makefile in each root module remains, however.
Upgrade to and pin Terraform 0.13.6 and the Terraform AWS provider 3.26.0.
substrate-assume-role and substrate-credentials now (better) tolerate being invoked from subdirectories of your Substrate repository.
Fix a bug in Terraform module generation in which the aws.network provider was incorrectly added to global modules and thus should have been expected in module stanzas.
Stop printing the export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=... line when substrate-assume-role is given a command to execute directly.
Provide the Intranet’s REST API ID, root resource ID, and a few other necessities as outputs from the intranet/regional module to facilitate adding more resources to these APIs.

You must upgrade to Terraform 0.13.6 in order to use Substrate 2021.02. Terraform 0.13.6 may be found here:

2021.01

You must run substrate-create-admin-account for each of your admin accounts before you'll be able to use eval $(substrate-credentials) to streamline your use of the Credential Factory.

2020.12

You must run substrate-bootstrap-management-account in order to re-tag your former master account as your management account. (This rename follows AWS' own renaming.)

2020.11 and prior releases

Contact hello@src-bin.com for prior release notes.

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